Shabbat 4: Removing Bread, Carrying, Trees, Throwing in Public/Private Domains on Shabbat

One whose hand is filled with fruit extends it into the public domain.  Is he allowed to bring it back into the same courtyard where he is standing?  Rav Nachman says that it is permitted.  What if he prings his hand back from the public domain to a different courtyard?  That is prohibited. 

What if a person stuck bread to the walls of an oven on Shabbat, removing it before it baked?  Would not it include the liability to bring a sin-offering for baking bread on Shabbat? It depends on the circumstances.  Rav Acha bar Abaye said to Ravina that if the baker forgot that it was Shabbat or that it was prohibited work on Shabbat, who should remove the bread?  And wouldn't the baker have to remember that it is a prohibited action before the bread was removed?  Thus if one sins unwittingly is only liable to bring sin-offerings if the beginning of their action was unwitting and the end of their action was unwitting.  Stoning and a sin-offering are the punishment for intentionally desecrating Shabbat.

Rabbi Sheila says that our case is one where the person who stuck the bread in the oven was unaware of his transgression.  The question is not about whether or not the Sages permit him to remove the bread but about others who might want to stop him from violating a Torah prohibition.  Rav Sheshet argues that one should not say "Sin so that another will benefit".  We cannot allow one person to violate a rabbinically derived prohibition just to help another person perform a mitzvah.  

Rav Ashi says that this case regards one who stuck the bread in the oven intentionally.  He suggests that we actually emend the text to say that before he comes to violate a prohibition punishable by stoning.  Rav Acha, son of Rava, teaches explicitly in that way as a halachic ruling and not as a dilemma.  Rav Beivai bar Abaye says that when one sticks bread in an oven on erev Shabbat, the sages allow him to remove it from the oven on Shabbat to avoid a prohibition punishable by stoning.

Why is a poor person liable when extending his hand?  Shouldn't the lifting and placing be done from and onto the surface of an area that is four by four handbreadths?  A person's hand is much smaller than that.  Even an item thrown through airspace, considered at rest, makes one liable for carrying out into the public domain according to Rabbi Akiva, though the rabbis deem him exempt because the object did not actually come to rest in the public domain.  Rabba also discusses up to ten handbreadths of the ground.

Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi is decided to have written the original Mishna.  He teaches that one is liable when s/he throws an object on Shabbat in the public domain from the beginning to the end of four cubits and the object comes to rest on top of a projection of any size.  The rabbis say that he is exempt.  Thus Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi states that there is no minimum area required for lifting and placing on Shabbat.

The Gemara turns to a tree standing in the private domain while its boughs stretch into the public domain, where one threw an object from the public domain and it rested on a tree branch.  Rabbi Yehuda HaNasi says that we should cast its boughs after its trunk as the branches are an extension of the trunk, and the tree is part of the private domain, and one who throws onto the tree on Shabbat is liable.  One who threw the object might be libale to bring two sin-offerings because of violating two prohibitions: one was carrying from the from the private domain out to the public domain. He is liable for carrying the object and placing it by means of passing through its airspace.  He is also liable for lifting the object from the private into the public domain.