Yesterday's daf Karetot 17, spoke to the transgressions of Shabbat which would make one liable to different consequences. Today's daf introduces Perek IV. Our first Mishna discusses the rule of asham taluey, provisional guilt offerings, which are not clearly connected to specific transgressions. Our rabbis have associated asham taluey with the sacrifices brought after a person does something that was forbidden by Torah with the consequence of a korban chatat, a sin offering, if one had known that the act was prohibited.
The rabbis disagree about much uncertainty must be present to obligate a person to give an asham taluey, but they agree that in the case of chaticha chat mi shtei chatichot, one piece of out two. This means that the sacrifice is only brought when the rabbis are questioning whether or not a forbidden act was performed. If we are not sure whether or not the act is permitted, there is no asham taluey.
We are given a case example: a person has two pieces of meat where one is permitted and the other is forbidden and we are certain that s/he ate one piece but we are unsure which one. Another example is when we are certain that the eaten piece is forbidden but we are not sure whether or not the person ate at least an olive-bulk. In both of these cases, an asham taluey is offered. If we are not sure whether or not the piece is forbidden, however, there is no asham taluey. Instead it is a case of haticha echad, a single piece.
Rabbi Eliezer disagrees. He rules that one who eats the chelev, forbidden fat, of a koy, an animal that is difficult to define - likely a deer/goat cross or an ayal habar, a unique animal, is required to bring an asham taluey.
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