Makkot 14: Transgressions Punished with Lashes: Forbidden Sexual Relationships

In daf 13, a new Mishna lists those who are punished with lashes.  Most of these are men who have had forbidden sexual relations.  In addition, it lists those who eat forbidden substances or who transgresses the halachot of the Temple and its offerings.  Of debate at the end of this Mishna is how much forbidden food must be eaten to be lashed.

The rabbis discuss whether all arayot, forbidden sexual relationships, should be punished by karet, cutting off one's relationship with G-d and shortening one's life, or lashes.  Is each individual forbidden relationship punished  separately?  To answer this question, the rabbis consider whether these crimes might involve bringing separate sacrifices to the Temple or whether all acts would be punished together with one sacrifice.

The rabbis determine that each transgression is separate and punished individually.  They walk through some of the different family relationships and question the notion of one's sister being the sister of one's parents as well.  If through convoluted family relationships this were the case, and if one had sexual relation with this sister, the rabbis wish to know how many punishments he might face.  

This brings the rabbis to ask whether his punishment would be different for his sister versus his half-sister. Rabbi Elazar teaches that where the Torah writes separate punishments for two transgressions but mentions karet one time only, there are two offerings brought to the Temple. 

Rabbi Yochanan notes that a woman enters the state of niddah when the blood leaves through her ervah, sexualized object, and not through a caesarian section wound.  

Our last Mishna had taught that if a tamei, ritually impure, person eats sanctified food or enters the mikdash, holy place, he is lashed.  That punishment is specific, but it is not clear what the warnings would be for these transgressions.  The rabbis argue about this: what are the different warnings for different transgressions?  At the very end of our daf, the rabbis begin a discussion about whether or not it is permitted to even touch food that is forbidden because it has been sanctified.